What factors contributed to independence movements in Latin American colonies in the early 19th century?

What factors contributed to independence movements in Latin American colonies in the early 19th century?

• A. Industrialization and mass urbanization drove independence.
• B. Economic grievances and criollo elites supported independence.
• C. Enlightenment ideas, influence of revolutions, economic grievances, criollo elites, Napoleonic wars.
• D. External invasions from Africa.

Answer: (C)